Assessment
of personality
The accuracy of any
process of measurement depends on the following things:
·
Nature of the thing
·
Nature of the instrument
·
Nature of the person
Techniques
and Methods of Assessment of Personality
Subjective,
Objective and Projective
1.
Observational technique
2.
Situational test
3.
Interview
4.
Questionnaire
5.
Rating scale
6.
Case study
7.
Sociometry
8.
Personality inventory
9.
Projective technique
o
Rorschach
inkblot Test
o
Thematic
Apperception Test (TAT)
o
Children’s
Apperception Test (CAT)
o
Word
Association Test (WAT)
o
Sentence
Completion Test (SCT)
I.
Objective Methods
Situational
Test
·
Here situations are artificially created
in which an individual is expected to perform acts related to the personality
traits under testing.
Questionnaire
·
It refers to a device for securing
answers to questions by using a form which respondent fills in himself.
·
It contain a list of pre-planned
questions
·
Closed
or structured form (fixed response)
·
Open-end
or unstructured form (Free response)
·
Ex:
Do you enjoy being alone? ‘Yes’ or ‘No’,
·
Do
you enjoy seeing others succeed?
·
Questionnaire is a general device- not
connected specifically with personality traits or behaviour of the individual
·
But inventory is specifically designed
to seek answers about a person and his personality
·
Set of questions for self-appraisal or
self- reporting
·
It contains statements or questions
about Personal characteristics, feelings, fear, worries etc.
·
Ex:
I often feel lonely ‘yes’/ ‘no’
/‘cannot say’
Rating
scale
·
A rating scale consists of a set of
traits such as generosity, co-cooperativeness, punctuality, honesty etc.
·
The range of description that are to
represent level or degree of presence of trait.
·
Usually the degrees are indicated by
numbers, 3, 5, 7 point scales.
Check
list
·
It is a selected sit of words, phrases
or sentences following which an observer records a check to denote the presence
or absence of whatever being observed.
Sociometry
·
Developed by Mereno and Jennings -1953
·
It is a technique of assessing the
social relationships among members in a group.
·
Through the measurement of the frequency
of acceptance or non-acceptance between individuals who constitute the group.
·
Sociogram is a type of chart. It
sketches the pattern of rejection and attraction in the class.
·
It can identify the stars, cliques, mutual and isolates in the class.
§ Stars:
who chosen by many.
§ Cliques:
who are chosen exclusively by themselves
§ Mutual:
two individuals chosen exclusively by themselves
§ Isolates:
who are chosen by nobody.
II.
Subjective Methods
Observation
·
Inspection of the overt behaviour of a
person in appropriate situations
·
It is a popular method to study the
behaviour pattern of an individual in an actual life situation.
·
The observer decides what personality
traits or characteristics he needs to know, and he then observes the relevant
activities of the subject in real life situations.
·
To ensure the reliability of observed
result, the observer may repeat the observations in the same situation several
times.
·
It concerns with perception of an
individual’s behaviour by the other individuals and the interpretation and
analysis of this perceived behaviour by them.
Types
of observation
·
Participant
observation: observer become the part of the group
which he wants to observe.
·
Non-
Participant observation: without actual participation
·
Controlled
observation: observation made under the controlled
conditions.
·
Uncontrolled
observation: observation is done in natural settings
as they occur spontaneously.
Interview
Method
·
It is a data collection method between
two or more persons where questions are asked by a person (Interviewer) to
obtain information from another person (interviewee).
Types of Interview
·
Structured
interview: It follows pre-determined plan of interview.
·
Unstructured
interview: Interviewer is free to develop the
conversation along the line that seems most suitable to him.
·
Other
types
o
Survey interview
o
Diagnostic interview
o
Therapeutic interview
o
Counseling interview
Case
study Method
·
It is used for studying the behaviour problems
of maladjusted or deviant individual.
·
Also known as Clinical study, Case
history
·
In-depth study of the case in all its
details.
·
It aims at studying everything about
something rather than something about everything.
·
It is the detailed, realistic, concrete
description and explanation of the case.
·
It involves use of observation,
interview, medical examination, various psychological tests.
Steps of Case study
·
Identification of the problem
·
Formulating hypotheses
·
Collection of data
·
Analysis
·
Verifying Hypotheses
·
Provide remedial measures
Anecdotal
Records
·
It contains reports of informal teacher
observation regarding his pupils.
·
It contains a description of the
student’s conduct and personality in terms of frequent, brief, concrete
observations of the student made and recorded by the teacher.
Cumulative
record
·
It is a confidential and systematic
accumulation of significant factual information about an individual student
while at school.
·
It is progressively developed and
maintained over a sufficient period of time and give a summarized growth record
indicating the direction and rate of development.
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